CIRES Unified Gravity Wave Physics Module

The physics of NGWs in the UGWP framework (Yudin et al. 2018 [179]) is represented by four GW-solvers, which have been introduced in Lindzen (1981) [108], Hines (1997) [81], Alexander and Dunkerton (1999) [2], and Scinocca (2003) [155]. These GW solvers have been modified by considring the background dissipation of temperature and winds. This feature, which is important in the mesosphere and thermosphere for WAM applications, considers appropriate scale-dependent dissipation of waves near the model top lid providing momentum and energy conservation in the vertical column physics (Shaw and Shepherd 2009 [156]). In the UGWP v0, a modification of Scinocca (2003) [155] scheme for NGWs with non-hydrostatic and rotational effects for GW propagations and background dissipation is represented by the subroutine fv3_ugwp_solv2_v0(). In the next release of UGWP, additional GW-solvers will be implemented along with physics-based triggering of waves and stochastic approaches for selection of GW modes characterized by horizontal phase velocities, azimuthal directions and magnitude of the vertical momentum flux (VMF). More...

Detailed Description

In UGWP v0, the specification for the VMF function is adopted from the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS-5) global atmosphere model of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), as described in Molod et al. (2015) [126] and employed in the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)-2 reanalysis (Gelaro et al., 2017 [62]). The Fortran subroutine slat_geos5_tamp() describes the latitudinal shape of VMF-function as displayed in Figure 3 of Molod et al. (2015) [126]. It shows that the enhanced values of VMF in the equatorial region gives opportunity to simulate the QBO-like oscillations in the equatorial zonal winds and lead to more realistic simulations of the equatorial dynamics in GEOS-5 operational and MERRA-2 reanalysis products.

The UGWP v0 code has been enhanced by scientists from NOAA's EMC to modulate the zonal mean NGW forcing by three-dimensional distributions of the total precipitation (as a proxy for the excitation of NGWs by convection) and vertically-integrated (surface-tropopause) turbulent kinetic energy. The vertically extented configuration of the UFS weather model is being tuned using reanalysis products from MERRA-2 and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-5), along with temperature, ozone, and water vapor observations of middle atmosphere satellite missions. The verification scores with updated NGW forcing, as reported elsewhere by EMC researchers, display noticeable improvements into the mesosphere.

Argument Table

local_name	standard_name	long_name	units	type	dimensions	kind	intent	optional
do_ugwp	do_ugwp	flag to activate CIRES UGWP	flag	logical	()		in	False
me	mpi_rank	MPI rank of current process	index	integer	()		in	False
master	mpi_root	MPI rank of master process	index	integer	()		in	False
im	horizontal_loop_extent	horizontal	count	integer	()		in	False
levs	vertical_dimension	number of vertical levels	count	integer	()		in	False
ntrac	number_of_tracers	number of tracers	count	integer	()		in	False
dtp	time_step_for_physics	physics timestep	s	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
kdt	index_of_time_step	current forecast iteration	index	integer	()		in	False
lonr	number_of_equatorial_longitude_points	number of global points in x-dir (i) along the equator	count	integer	()		in	False
oro	orography	orography	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
oro_uf	orography_unfiltered	unfiltered orography	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
hprime	standard_deviation_of_subgrid_orography	standard deviation of subgrid orography	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
nmtvr	number_of_statistical_measures_of_subgrid_orography	number of topographic variables in GWD	count	integer	()		in	False
oc	convexity_of_subgrid_orography	convexity of subgrid orography	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
oa4	asymmetry_of_subgrid_orography	asymmetry of subgrid orography	none	real	(horizontal_dimension, 4)	kind_phys	in	False
clx	fraction_of_grid_box_with_subgrid_orography_higher_than_critical_height	horizontal fraction of grid box covered by subgrid orography higher than critical height	frac	real	(horizontal_dimension, 4)	kind_phys	in	False
theta	angle_from_east_of_maximum_subgrid_orographic_variations	angle with_respect to east of maximum subgrid orographic variations	degrees	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
sigma	slope_of_subgrid_orography	slope of subgrid orography	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
gamma	anisotropy_of_subgrid_orography	anisotropy of subgrid orography	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
elvmax	maximum_subgrid_orography	maximum of subgrid orography	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
do_tofd	turb_oro_form_drag_flag	flag for turbulent orographic form drag	flag	logical	()		in	False
ldiag_ugwp	diag_ugwp_flag	flag for CIRES UGWP Diagnostics	flag	logical	()		in	False
cdmbgwd	multiplication_factors_for_mountain_blocking_and_orographic_gravity_wave_drag	multiplication factors for cdmb and gwd	none	real	(4)	kind_phys	in	False
xlat	latitude	grid latitude in radians	radians	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
xlat_d	latitude_degree	latitude in degrees	degree	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
sinlat	sine_of_latitude	sine of the grid latitude	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
coslat	cosine_of_latitude	cosine of the grid latitude	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
area	cell_area	area of the grid cell	m2	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
ugrs	x_wind	zonal wind	m s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
vgrs	y_wind	meridional wind	m s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
tgrs	air_temperature	model layer mean temperature	K	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
qgrs	tracer_concentration	model layer mean tracer concentration	kg kg-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension, number_of_tracers)	kind_phys	in	False
prsi	air_pressure_at_interface	air pressure at model layer interfaces	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension_plus_one)	kind_phys	in	False
prsl	air_pressure	mean layer pressure	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
prslk	dimensionless_exner_function_at_model_layers	dimensionless Exner function at model layer centers	none	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
phii	geopotential_at_interface	geopotential at model layer interfaces	m2 s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension_plus_one)	kind_phys	in	False
phil	geopotential	geopotential at model layer centers	m2 s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
del	air_pressure_difference_between_midlayers	air pressure difference between midlayers	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
kpbl	vertical_index_at_top_of_atmosphere_boundary_layer	vertical index at top atmospheric boundary layer	index	integer	(horizontal_dimension)		in	False
dusfcg	instantaneous_x_stress_due_to_gravity_wave_drag	zonal surface stress due to orographic gravity wave drag	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
dvsfcg	instantaneous_y_stress_due_to_gravity_wave_drag	meridional surface stress due to orographic gravity wave drag	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
gw_dudt	tendency_of_x_wind_due_to_ugwp	zonal wind tendency due to UGWP	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
gw_dvdt	tendency_of_y_wind_due_to_ugwp	meridional wind tendency due to UGWP	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
gw_dtdt	tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_ugwp	air temperature tendency due to UGWP	K s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
gw_kdis	eddy_mixing_due_to_ugwp	eddy mixing due to UGWP	m2 s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
tau_tofd	instantaneous_momentum_flux_due_to_turbulent_orographic_form_drag	momentum flux or stress due to TOFD	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
tau_mtb	instantaneous_momentum_flux_due_to_mountain_blocking_drag	momentum flux or stress due to mountain blocking drag	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
tau_ogw	instantaneous_momentum_flux_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag	momentum flux or stress due to orographic gravity wave drag	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
tau_ngw	instantaneous_momentum_flux_due_to_nonstationary_gravity_wave	momentum flux or stress due to nonstationary gravity waves	Pa	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
zmtb	height_of_mountain_blocking	height of mountain blocking drag	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
zlwb	height_of_low_level_wave_breaking	height of low level wave breaking	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
zogw	height_of_launch_level_of_orographic_gravity_wave	height of launch level of orographic gravity wave	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
dudt_mtb	instantaneous_change_in_x_wind_due_to_mountain_blocking_drag	instantaneous change in x wind due to mountain blocking drag	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
dudt_ogw	instantaneous_change_in_x_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag	instantaneous change in x wind due to orographic gw drag	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
dudt_tms	instantaneous_change_in_x_wind_due_to_turbulent_orographic_form_drag	instantaneous change in x wind due to TOFD	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
du3dt_mtb	time_integral_of_change_in_x_wind_due_to_mountain_blocking_drag	time integral of change in x wind due to mountain blocking drag	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
du3dt_ogw	time_integral_of_change_in_x_wind_due_to_orographic_gravity_wave_drag	time integral of change in x wind due to orographic gw drag	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
du3dt_tms	time_integral_of_change_in_x_wind_due_to_turbulent_orographic_form_drag	time integral of change in x wind due to TOFD	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
dudt	tendency_of_x_wind_due_to_model_physics	zonal wind tendency due to model physics	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
dvdt	tendency_of_y_wind_due_to_model_physics	meridional wind tendency due to model physics	m s-2	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
dtdt	tendency_of_air_temperature_due_to_model_physics	air temperature tendency due to model physics	K s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	inout	False
rdxzb	level_of_dividing_streamline	level of the dividing streamline	none	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	out	False
con_g	gravitational_acceleration	gravitational acceleration	m s-2	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
con_pi	pi	ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter	radians	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
con_cp	specific_heat_of_dry_air_at_constant_pressure	specific heat !of dry air at constant pressure	J kg-1 K-1	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
con_rd	gas_constant_dry_air	ideal gas constant for dry air	J kg-1 K-1	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
con_rv	gas_constant_water_vapor	ideal gas constant for water vapor	J kg-1 K-1	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
con_fvirt	ratio_of_vapor_to_dry_air_gas_constants_minus_one	rv/rd - 1 (rv = ideal gas constant for water vapor)	none	real	()	kind_phys	in	False
rain	lwe_thickness_of_precipitation_amount_on_dynamics_timestep	total rain at this time step	m	real	(horizontal_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
ntke	index_for_turbulent_kinetic_energy	tracer index for turbulent kinetic energy	index	integer	()		in	False
q_tke	turbulent_kinetic_energy	turbulent kinetic energy	J	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
dqdt_tke	tendency_of_turbulent_kinetic_energy_due_to_model_physics	turbulent kinetic energy tendency due to model physics	J s-1	real	(horizontal_dimension, vertical_dimension)	kind_phys	in	False
lprnt	flag_print	control flag for diagnostic print out	flag	logical	()		in	False
ipr	horizontal_index_of_printed_column	horizontal index of printed column	index	integer	()		in	False
errmsg	ccpp_error_message	error message for error handling in CCPP	none	character	()	len=*	out	False
errflg	ccpp_error_flag	error flag for error handling in CCPP	flag	integer	()		out	False

CIRES UGWP Scheme General Algorithm

Functions/Subroutines
subroutine, public	cires_ugwp::cires_ugwp_init (me, master, nlunit, input_nml_file, logunit, fn_nml2, lonr, latr, levs, ak, bk, dtp, cdmbgwd, cgwf, pa_rf_in, tau_rf_in, con_p0, do_ugwp, errmsg, errflg)
	The subroutine initializes the CIRES UGWP. More...
subroutine, public	cires_ugwp::cires_ugwp_run (do_ugwp, me, master, im, levs, ntrac, dtp, kdt, lonr, oro, oro_uf, hprime, nmtvr, oc, theta, sigma, gamma, elvmax, clx, oa4, do_tofd, ldiag_ugwp, cdmbgwd, xlat, xlat_d, sinlat, coslat, area, ugrs, vgrs, tgrs, qgrs, prsi, prsl, prslk, phii, phil, del, kpbl, dusfcg, dvsfcg, gw_dudt, gw_dvdt, gw_dtdt, gw_kdis, tau_tofd, tau_mtb, tau_ogw, tau_ngw, zmtb, zlwb, zogw, dudt_mtb, dudt_ogw, dudt_tms, du3dt_mtb, du3dt_ogw, du3dt_tms, dudt, dvdt, dtdt, rdxzb, con_g, con_pi, con_cp, con_rd, con_rv, con_fvirt, rain, ntke, q_tke, dqdt_tke, lprnt, ipr, errmsg, errflg)
subroutine	gwdps_v0 (IM, km, imx, do_tofd, Pdvdt, Pdudt, Pdtdt, Pkdis, U1, V1, T1, Q1, KPBL, PRSI, DEL, PRSL, PRSLK, PHII, PHIL, DTP, KDT, sgh30, HPRIME, OC, OA4, CLX4, THETA, vSIGMA, vGAMMA, ELVMAXD, DUSFC, DVSFC, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, sparea, cdmbgwd, me, master, rdxzb, zmtb, zogw, tau_mtb, tau_ogw, tau_tofd, dudt_mtb, dudt_ogw, dudt_tms)
	Note for the sub-grid scale orography scheme in UGWP v0: Due to degraded forecast scores of simulations with revised schemes for subgrid-scale orography effects in FV3GFS, EMC reinstalled the original gwdps-code with updated efficiency factors for the mountain blocking and OGW drag. The GFS OGW is described in the separate section (GFS Orographic Gravity Wave Drag and Mountain Blocking Scheme Module) and its “call” moved into UGWP-driver subroutine. This combination of NGW and OGW schemes was tested in the FV3GFS-L127 medium-range forecasts (15-30 days) for C96, C192, C384 and C768 resolutions and work in progress to introduce the optimal choice for the scale-aware representations of the efficiency factors that will reflect the better simulations of GW activity by FV3 dynamical core at higher horizontal resolutions. With the MERRA-2 VMF function for NGWs (slat_geos5_tamp) and operational OGW drag scheme (gwdps), FV3GFS simulations can successfully forecast the recent major mid-winter sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events of 2018-02-12 and 2018-12-31 (10-14 days before the SSW onset; Yudin et al. 2019 [180]). The first multi-year (2015-2018) FV3GFS simulations with UGWP v0 also produce the equatorial QBO-like oscillations in the zonal wind and temperature anomalies. More...
subroutine	fv3_ugwp_solv2_v0 (klon, klev, dtime, tm1, um1, vm1, qm1, prsl, prsi, philg, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, pdudt, pdvdt, pdtdt, dked, tau_ngw, mpi_id, master, kdt)
subroutine	edmix_ugwp_v0 (im, levs, dtp, t1, u1, v1, q1, del, prsl, prsi, phil, prslk, pdudt, pdvdt, pdTdt, pkdis, ed_dudt, ed_dvdt, ed_dTdt, me, master, kdt)
	Part-3 of UGWP v1 Dissipative (eddy) effects of UGWP it will be activated after tests of OGW (new revision) and NGW with MERRA-2 forcing. More...
subroutine	diff_1d_wtend (levs, dt, F, F1, Km, rdp, rdpm, S, S1)
	explicit diffusion solver More...
subroutine	diff_1d_ptend (levs, dt, F, Km, rdp, rdpm, S)
	explicit "eddy" smoother for tendencies. More...
subroutine	ugwp_triggers
subroutine	get_xy_pt (V, Vx, Vy, nx, ny, dlam1, dlat)
subroutine	get_xyd_wind (V, Vx, Vy, Vyd, nx, ny, dlam1, dlat, divJp, divJm)
subroutine	trig3d_fjets (nx, ny, nz, U, V, T, Q, P3D, PS, delp, delz, lon, lat, pmid, trig3d_fgf)
subroutine	trig3d_okubo (nx, ny, nz, U, V, T, Q, P3d, PS, delp, delz, lon, lat, pmid, trig3d_okw)
subroutine	trig3d_dconv (nx, ny, nz, U, V, T, Q, P3d, PS, delp, delz, lon, lat, pmid, trig3d_conv, dcheat3d, precip2d, cld_klevs2d, scheat3d)
subroutine	cires_3d_triggers (nx, ny, nz, lon, lat, pmid, U, V, W, T, Q, delp, delz, p3d, PS, HS, Hyam, Hybm, Hyai, Hybi, trig3d_okw, trig3d_fgf, trig3d_conv, dcheat3d, precip2d, cld_klevs2d, scheat3d)
subroutine	get_spectra_tau_convgw (nw, im, levs, dcheat, scheat, precip, icld, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, taub, klev, if_src, nf_src)
subroutine	get_spectra_tau_nstgw (nw, im, levs, trig_fgf, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, taub, klev, if_src, nf_src)
subroutine	get_spectra_tau_okw (nw, im, levs, trig_okw, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, taub, klev, if_src, nf_src)
subroutine	slat_geos5_tamp (im, tau_amp, xlatdeg, tau_gw)
	This subroutine describes the latitudinal shape of the VMF-function as displayed in Figure 3 of Molod et al. (2015). The enhanced values of VMF in the equatorial region result in QBO-like oscillations in the equatorial zonal winds and more realistic simulations of the equatorial dynamics in the GEOS-5 operational and MERRA-2 reanalysis products. More...
subroutine	slat_geos5 (im, xlatdeg, tau_gw)
subroutine	init_nazdir (naz, xaz, yaz)
subroutine	cires_ugwp_module::cires_ugwp_mod_init (me, master, nlunit, input_nml_file, logunit, fn_nml, lonr, latr, levs, ak, bk, pref, dtp, cdmvgwd, cgwf, pa_rf_in, tau_rf_in)
subroutine	cires_ugwp_module::cires_ugwp_driver (im, levs, dtp, kdt, me, lprnt, lonr, pa_rf, tau_rf, cdmbgwd, xlat, xlatd, sinlat, coslat, ugrs, vgrs, tgrs, qgrs, prsi, prsl, prslk, phii, phil, delp, orostat, kpbl, dusfc, dvsfc, dudt, dvdt, dtdt, kdis, axtot, axo, axc, axf, aytot, ayo, ayc, ayf, eps_tot, ekdis, trig_okw, trig_fgf, dcheat, precip, cld_klevs, zmtb, scheat, dlength, cldf, taus_sso, taus_ogw, tauf_ogw, tauf_ngw, ugw_zmtb, ugw_zlwb, ugw_zogw, ugw_axmtb, ugw_axlwb, ugw_axtms)
subroutine	cires_ugwp_module::cires_ugwp_advance
subroutine	cires_ugwp_module::cires_ugwp_mod_finalize
subroutine	um_flow (nz, klow, ktop, up, vp, tp, qp, dp, zpm, zpi, pmid, pint, bn2, uhm, vhm, bn2hm, rhohm)
subroutine	mflow_tauz (levs, up, vp, tp, qp, dp, zpm, zpi, pmid, pint, rho, ui, vi, ti, bn2i, bvi, rhoi)
subroutine	get_unit_vector (u, v, u_n, v_n, mag)
subroutine	ugwp_wmsdis_naz (levs, ksrc, nw, naz, kxw, taub_lat, ch, xaz, yaz, fcor, c2f2, dp, zmid, zint, pmid, pint, rho, ui, vi, ti, kvg, ktg, krad, kion, bn2i, bvi, rhoi, ax, ay, eps, ked, tau1)
subroutine	ugwp_wmsdis_az1 (levs, ksrc, nw, kxw, ch, dch, taub_sp, tau_bulk, spnorm, fcor, c2f2, zm, zi, rho, um, tm, bn2, bn, rhoi, bnrho, dzirho, dzpi, kvg, ktg, krad, kion, kmol, eps, ked, tau)
subroutine	fvs93_ugwps (nw, ch, dch, taub_sp, spnorm, nslope, bn2, bn, bnrhos)
subroutine	ugwp_drag_mtb (iemax, nz, elvpd, elvp, hprime, sigma, theta, oc, oa4, clx4, gam, zpbl, up, vp, tp, qp, dp, zpm, zpi, pmid, pint, idxzb, drmtb, taumtb)
subroutine	ugwp_taub_oro (levs, izb, kxw, tau_izb, fcor, hprime, sigma, theta, oc, oa4, clx4, gamm, elvp, up, vp, tp, qp, dp, zpm, zpi, pmid, pint, xn, yn, umag, tautot, tauogw, taulee, drlee, tau_src, kxridge, kdswj, krefj, kotr)
subroutine	ugwp_oro_lsatdis (krefj, levs, tauogw, tautot, tau_src, kxw, fcor, kxridge, up, vp, tp, qp, dp, zpm, zpi, pmid, pint, xn, yn, umag, drtau, kdis)
subroutine	ugwp_tofd (im, levs, sigflt, elvmax, zpbl, u, v, zmid, utofd, vtofd, epstofd, krf_tofd)
subroutine	ugwp_tofd1d (levs, sigflt, elvmax, zsurf, zpbl, u, v, zmid, utofd, vtofd, epstofd, krf_tofd)
subroutine	ugwp_lsatdis_naz (levs, ksrc, nw, naz, kxw, taub_spect, ch, xaz, yaz, fcor, c2f2, dp, zmid, zint, pmid, pint, rho, ui, vi, ti, kvg, ktg, krad, kion, bn2i, bvi, rhoi, ax, ay, eps, ked, tau1)
subroutine	ugwp_lsatdis_az1 (levs, ksrc, nw, kxw, ch, taub_sp, fcor, c2f2, zm, zi, rho, um, tm, bn2, bn, rhoi, dzirho, dzpi, kvg, ktg, krad, kion, kmol, eps, ked, tau)
subroutine	ugwp_limit_1d (ax, ay, eps, ked, levs)