Variables stored in separate files (Header+values)

Filename

	Data_separate_files_header_startdate(YYYYMMDD)_enddate(YYYYMMDD)_userid_randomstring_currrentdate(YYYYMMDD).zip
	
	e.g., Data_separate_files_header_20050316_20050601.zip

	
Folder structure

	Networkname
		Stationname

		
Dataset Filename

	CSE_Network_Station_Variablename_depthfrom_depthto_startdate_enddate.ext

	CSE	- Continental Scale Experiment (CSE) acronym, if not applicable use Networkname
	Network	- Network abbreviation (e.g., OZNET)
	Station	- Station name (e.g., Widgiewa)
	Variablename - Name of the variable in the file (e.g., Soil-Moisture)
	depthfrom - Depth in the ground in which the variable was observed (upper boundary)
	depthto	- Depth in the ground in which the variable was observed (lower boundary)
	startdate -	Date of the first dataset in the file (format YYYYMMDD)
	enddate	- Date of the last dataset in the file (format YYYYMMDD)
	ext	- Extension .stm (Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture Data Set see CEOP standard)
	
	e.g., OZNET_OZNET_Widgiewa_Soil-Temperature_0.150000_0.150000_20010103_20090812.stm

	
File Content Sample
	
	REMEDHUS   REMEDHUS        Zamarron          41.24100    -5.54300  855.00    0.05    0.05  (Header)
	2005/03/16 00:00    10.30 U	M	(Records)
	2005/03/16 01:00     9.80 U M

	
Header

	CSE Identifier - Continental Scale Experiment (CSE) acronym, if not applicable use Networkname
	Network	- Network abbreviation (e.g., OZNET)
	Station	- Station name (e.g., Widgiewa)
	Latitude - Decimal degrees. South is negative.
	Longitude - Decimal degrees. West is negative.
	Elevation - Meters above sea level
	Depth from - Depth in the ground in which the variable was observed (upper boundary)
	Depth to - Depth in the ground in which the variable was observed (lower boundary)

	
Record

	UTC Actual Date and Time
	yyyy/mm/dd HH:MM
	Variable Value
	ISMN Quality Flag
	Data Provider Quality Flag, if existing


Network Information

	ARM
		Abstract: The soil moisture datasets collected at ARM facilities originates from two different instruments. SWATS instrument measure soil moisture in two different profiles at 8 depths from 0,05 to 1,75m, the SEBS instrument measure three profiles in depth of 0,025m. The site is managed by U.S. Department of Energy as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility.
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 35
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 1996-02-05 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.arm.gov/
		Reference: Cook, D. R. (2016a), Soil temperature and moisture proﬁle (stamp) system handbook, Technical report, DOE Oﬃce of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1332724;

Cook, D. R. (2016b), Soil water and temperature system (swats) instrument handbook, Technical report, DOE Oﬃce of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1004944;

Cook, D. R. & Sullivan, R. C. (2018), Surface energy balance system (sebs) instrument handbook, Technical report, DOE Office of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/sebs_handbook.pdf;
		Variables: precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.02 - 0.02 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.35 - 0.35 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 0.75 - 0.75 m, 0.80 - 0.80 m, 0.85 - 0.85 m, 1.25 - 1.25 m, 1.75 - 1.75 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Hydraprobe II Sdi-12 E, Hydraprobe II Sdi-12 S, Hydraprobe II Sdi-12 W, SMP1, Water Matric Potential Sensor 229L, 

	Berlin
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Germany
		Stations: 23
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2022-12-01 
		Type: campaign
		Url: 
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Martin Schreiner and the Berlin network team in support of the ISMN;
		Variables: soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.35 - 0.35 m, 0.45 - 0.45 m, 0.55 - 0.55 m, 0.65 - 0.65 m, 0.75 - 0.75 m, 0.85 - 0.85 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: TriScan Drill&Drop, 

	BFG_Nw
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Germany
		Stations: 1
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 1986-11-01 
		Type: project
		Url: 
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Jens Wilhelmi in support of the ISMN;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, surface temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.50 - 0.66 m, 0.85 - 0.85 m, 1.05 - 1.05 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: SMT100, TRIME-ES P2, 

	COSMOS
		Abstract: A new project to measure soil moisture using a cosmic-ray technique. Currently, there are 67 stations deployed in 7 countries, which 59 are in USA, 1 in Germany, 1 in Switzerland, 1 in France, 1 in Brasil, 2 in Kenya, 1 in United Kingdom and 1 in Mexico.
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 109
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2008-04-28 
		Type: project
		Url: http://cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu/
		Reference: Zreda M., Desilets D., Ferré Ty P.A., Scott R.L., “Measuring soil moisture content non-invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic-ray neutrons”, Geophysical Research Letters 35(21), 2008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035655;

Zreda, M., W.J. Shuttleworth, X. Zeng, C. Zweck, D. Desilets, T. Franz, and R. Rosolem, 2012. COSMOS: the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, 4079-4099, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4079-2012;
		Variables: soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.04 m, 0.00 - 0.05 m, 0.00 - 0.06 m, 0.00 - 0.07 m, 0.00 - 0.08 m, 0.00 - 0.09 m, 0.00 - 0.10 m, 0.00 - 0.11 m, 0.00 - 0.12 m, 0.00 - 0.13 m, 0.00 - 0.14 m, 0.00 - 0.15 m, 0.00 - 0.16 m, 0.00 - 0.17 m, 0.00 - 0.18 m, 0.00 - 0.19 m, 0.00 - 0.20 m, 0.00 - 0.21 m, 0.00 - 0.22 m, 0.00 - 0.23 m, 0.00 - 0.24 m, 0.00 - 0.25 m, 0.00 - 0.26 m, 0.00 - 0.27 m, 0.00 - 0.28 m, 0.00 - 0.29 m, 0.00 - 0.30 m, 0.00 - 0.31 m, 0.00 - 0.32 m, 0.00 - 0.33 m, 0.00 - 0.34 m, 0.00 - 0.36 m, 0.00 - 0.37 m, 0.00 - 0.38 m, 0.00 - 0.39 m, 0.00 - 0.40 m, 0.00 - 0.41 m, 0.00 - 0.44 m, 0.00 - 0.55 m, 0.00 - 0.69 m, 0.00 - 0.90 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Cosmic-ray Probe, 

	COSMOS-UK
		Abstract: The COSMOS-UK network is established and operated by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH). It is the first network to systematically measure soil moisture throughout the UK, and represents a range of climate, soils and vegetation. The network consists of ~50 sites, each recording a number of hydrometeorological and soil variables. Each site hosts a cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS); a novel sensor technology which counts fast neutrons in the surrounding atmosphere. In combination with the recorded hydrometeorological data, neutron counts are used to derive Volumetric Water Content (VWC) over a field scale (~0.1 km2) (COSMOS VWC), at daily resolution. Alongside the CRNS, each site hosts several point soil moisture probes recording at 30 minute resolution. More information is available from the COSMOS-UK website: https://cosmos.ceh.ac.uk/ . The full dataset, along with quality flags, is available at: https://doi.org/10.5285/5060cc27-0b5b-471b-86eb-71f96da0c80f .


************************************************************************************************************
IMPORTANT NOTE: The Cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS) is placed just above the ground and counts the naturally occurring neutrons (originating from cosmic rays). The neutrons are scattered by hydrogen atoms, which are present primarily in the soil water. The CRNS neutron count rate (after corrections) reduces with increasing soil moisture content, and can therefore be used, via a calibration curve, to infer the soil Volumetric Water Content (VWC). The CRNS counts neutrons which may have been scattered many times, such that they may have interacted with the ground soil moisture over distances of more than 200 m from the probe, and from tens centimetres of soil depth. This local scattering of neutrons determines the horizontal and vertical footprint of the sensor, or the measurement support volume, and yields the important characteristic of averaging the soil moisture measurement over a large area. Using neutron scattering models, the typical footprint is determined (~12 hectares), although there is some dependence on the VWC, particularly for the soil depth of measurement. For this reason, the CRNS depth of measurement is given as an average for the time series and location, but it should be appreciated that actual sensing depth will be reduced in wet conditions, compared with dry conditions (from around 10 cm to 30 cm depth respectively).
************************************************************************************************************

		Continent: Europe
		Country: UK
		Stations: 49
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2013-10-01 
		Type: project
		Url: https://cosmos.ceh.ac.uk/
		Reference: Cooper, H. M., Bennett, E., Blake, J., Blyth, E., Boorman, D., Cooper, E., Evans, J., Fry, M., Jenkins, A., Morrison, R., Rylett, D., Stanley, S., Szczykulska, M., Trill, E., Antoniou, V., Askquith-Ellis, A., Ball, L., Brooks, M., Clarke, M. A., Cowan, N., Cumming, A., Farrand, P., Hitt, O., Lord, W., Scarlett, P., Swain, O., Thornton, J., Warwick, A., and Winterbourn, B.: COSMOS-UK: national soil moisture and hydrometeorology data for environmental science research, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1737–1757, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1737-2021, 2021.
		Variables: precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, snow depth, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.30 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: TDT, Cosmic-ray Probe, 

	CW3E
		Abstract: Research lab
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 24
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2004-08-01 
		Type: Hydroclimate research
		Url: https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/
		Reference: Ralph, F. Martin; Wilson, Anna M.; Alden, Douglas; Ellis, Carolyn J.; Cooper, Ava; Paulsson, Kerstin; Kawzenuk, Brian K.; Yao, Peter (2022). Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E) Surface Meteorological Observational Dataset. UC San Diego Library Digital Collections. https://doi.org/10.6075/J0SX6DDH
		Variables: precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.51 - 0.51 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m, 1.02 - 1.02 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS616, Stevens Hydra Probe, 

	FMI
		Abstract: The finnish network "FMI" includes one station that contains multiple soil moisture measurements in 2cm and 10cm depth, taken only a few meters next to each other. Additionaly air temperature is measured in 2m height and soil temperature in 2cm depth. The datasets start at 2007-01-25 and are updated once a day. The FMI is the first network that has been implemented with data updates in Near Real Time.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Finland
		Stations: 27
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2007-01-25 
		Type: project
		Url: http://fmiarc.fmi.fi/
		Reference: Ikonen, J., Smolander, T., Rautiainen, K., Cohen, J., Lemmetyinen, J., Salminen, M. & Pulliainen, J. (2018), ‘Spatially distributed evaluation of esa cci soil moisture products in a northern boreal forest environment’, Geosciences 8(2), 51., https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8020051;

Ikonen, J., Vehviläinen, J., Rautiainen, K., Smolander, T., Lemmetyinen, J., Bircher, S. & Pulliainen, J. (2015), ‘The sodankylä in-situ soil moisture observation network: an example application to earth observation data product evaluation’, GID 5(2), 599–629., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-95-2016;
		Variables: soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.02 - 0.02 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 0.80 - 0.80 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: 5TE, CS655, ThetaProbe ML2X, 

	FR_Aqui
		Abstract: The Fr_Aqui network is located in France and hosted by the Institue of Agricultural Research (INRA); it consists of 5 stations with soil moisture and soil temperature measurements in 6 different  depths.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: France
		Stations: 5
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2010-01-01 
		Type: meteo
		Url: 
		Reference: Al-Yaari, A., Dayau, S., Chipeaux, C., Aluome, C., Kruszewski, A., Loustau, D. & Wigneron, J.-P. (2018), ‘The aqui soil moisture network for satellite microwave remote sensing validation in south-western france’, Remote Sensing 10(11), https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111839;

Wigneron, J.-P., Dayan, S., Kruszewski, A., Aluome, C., Al-Yaari, A., Fan, L., Guven, S., Chipeaux, C., Moisy, C., Guyon, D. & Loustau, D. (2018), The aqui network: Soil moisture sites in the “les landes” forest and graves vineyards (bordeaux aquitaine region, france), pp. 3739–3742., https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517392;
		Variables: soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.01 - 0.01 m, 0.03 - 0.03 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.21 - 0.21 m, 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.34 - 0.34 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.45 - 0.45 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.55 - 0.55 m, 0.56 - 0.56 m, 0.70 - 0.70 m, 0.80 - 0.80 m, 0.90 - 0.90 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: ThetaProbe ML2X, 

	HOAL
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Austria
		Stations: 33
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2013-12-07 
		Type: research network

		Url: https://hoal.hydrology.at/research/soil-moisture

		Reference: Blöschl, Günter, et al. "The hydrological open air laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen: A hypothesis-driven observatory." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20.1 (2016): 227-255., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-227-2016;

M. Vreugdenhil et al., "Towards a high-density soil moisture network for the validation of SMAP in Petzenkirchen, Austria," 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - IGARSS, Melbourne, VIC, 2013, pp. 1865-1868, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2013.6723166.;
		Variables: soil temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: SPADE Time Domain Transmissivity, 

	LABFLUX
		Abstract: The Lab performs research, tutorial ad dissemination regarding measurements and modeling of water and moisture fluxes in the natural, agricultural and built environments. Main focus is on porous media like soil, snow and wood. Specifically addressed are the monitoring of : meteorological variables, energy fluxes, soil-plant-atmosphere interactions, water dynamics, and hillslope processes.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Italy
		Stations: 4
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2012-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: https://www.dist.polito.it/il_dipartimento/laboratori/labflux
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Davide Gisolo, Canone Davide, Ferrari Stefano, Alessio Gentile and Previati Maurizio as well as the LABFLUX network team in support of the ISMN;

		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS616, Meter EC-5, 

	NVE
		Abstract: Ground water and soil moisture network

		Continent: Europe
		Country: Norway
		Stations: 7
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 1989-06-15 
		Type: permanent

		Url: https://www.nve.no/hydrology/?ref=mainmenu
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Fred Wenger and the Norwegian water resources and energy direcorate (NVE) team in support of the ISMN;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Decagon 5 TM, Delta-T, Sutron, 

	OZNET
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Oceania
		Country: Australia
		Stations: 38
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2001-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.oznet.org.au/
		Reference: Smith, A. B., J. P.Walker, A. W.Western, R. I.Young, K. M.Ellett, R. C.Pipunic, R. B.Grayson, L.Siriwardena, F. H. S.Chiew, and H.Richter (2012), The Murrumbidgee soil moisture monitoring network data set, Water Resour. Res., 48, W07701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011976;

Young, R., Walker, J., Yeoh, N., Smith, A., Ellett, K., Merlin, O. and Western, A., 2008. Soil moisture and meteorological observations from the murrumbidgee catchment. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne;
		Variables: precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil suction, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.05 m, 0.00 - 0.08 m, 0.00 - 0.30 m, 0.15 - 0.25 m, 0.30 - 0.60 m, 0.57 - 0.87 m, 0.60 - 0.90 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS615, CS616, EnviroSCAN, Stevens Hydra Probe, 

	REMEDHUS
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Spain
		Stations: 24
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2005-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://campus.usal.es/~hidrus/
		Reference: Gonzalez-Zamora, A., Sanchez, N., Pablos, M. & Martinez-Fernandez, J. (2018), ‘Cci soil moisture assessment with smos soil moisture and in situ data under different environmental conditions and spatial scales in spain’, Remote Sensing of Environment 225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.010;
		Variables: soil temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.05 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Stevens Hydra Probe, 

	RSMN
		Abstract: The project proposal aims at paving the way for the utilisation of satellite derived soil moisture products in Romania, creating the framework for the validation and evaluation of actual & future satellite microwave soil moisture derived products, demonstrating its value, and by developing the necessary expertise for successfuly approaching implementations in the Societal Benefit Areas (as they were defined in GEOSS)

		Continent: Europe
		Country: Romania
		Stations: 20
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2014-04-09 
		Type: meteo
		Url: http://assimo.meteoromania.ro
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Andrei Diamandi and Adelina Mihai and the Romanian National Meteorological Administration team in support of the ISMN;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.05 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: 5TM, 

	Ru_CFR
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Russia
		Stations: 2
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2015-05-25 
		Type: fluxnet
		Url: 
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Andrej Varlagin and Adelina Mihai and the Ru_CFR team of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences team in support of the ISMN;

		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.80 - 0.80 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Hydraprobe II, 

	SCAN
		Abstract: Soil Climate Analysis Network contains 239 stations all over the USA including stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico or even one in Antarctica. Apart from soil moisture and soil temperature, also precipitation and air temperature are measured. Some stations have also additional measurements of snow depth and snow water equivalent. Almost 150 stations are updated on daily basis. The network is operated by the USDA NRCS National Water and Climate Center with assistance from the USDA NRCS National Soil Survey Center.
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 222
		Status: running
Data Range: 

		Type: project
		Url: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
		Reference: Schaefer, G., Cosh, M. & Jackson, T. (2007), ‘The usda natural resources conservation service soil climate analysis network (scan)’, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology - J ATMOS OCEAN TECHNOL 24, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA930.1;
		Variables: snow water equivalent, precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, snow depth, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.25 - 0.25 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.38 - 0.38 m, 0.51 - 0.51 m, 0.61 - 0.61 m, 0.69 - 0.69 m, 0.76 - 0.76 m, 0.84 - 0.84 m, 0.89 - 0.89 m, 1.02 - 1.02 m, 1.09 - 1.09 m, 1.30 - 1.30 m, 1.42 - 1.42 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Hydraprobe Sdi-12, Hydraprobe Analog, n.s., 

	SD_DEM
		Abstract: Meteorological data and soil data have been collected at a site in the central Sudan from 2002 to 2012. The site is a sparse savanna in the semiarid region of Sudan. In addition to basic meteorological variables, soil properties (temperature, water content, and heat flux) and radiation (global radiation, net radiation, and photosynthetic active radiation) were measured. The dataset has a temporal resolution of 30 minutes and provides general data for calibration and validation of ecosystem models and remote-sensing-based assessments, and it is relevant for studies of ecosystem properties and processes.
		Continent: Africa
		Country: Sudan
		Stations: 1
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2002-02-08 
		Type: project
		Url: http://dx.doi.org/10.7167/2013/297973
		Reference: Jonas Ardö, A 10-Year Dataset of Basic Meteorology and Soil Properties in Central Sudan, Dataset Papers in Geosciences, vol. 2013, Article ID 297973, 6 pages, 2013, https://doi.org/10.7167/2013/297973/dataset;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.15 - 0.15 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m, 1.50 - 1.50 m, 2.00 - 2.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS615, CS616, HYDRA, 

	SMOSMANIA
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Europe
		Country: France
		Stations: 22
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2003-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.hymex.org
		Reference: Calvet, J.-C., Fritz, N., Berne, C., Piguet, B., Maurel, W. & Meurey, C. (2016), ‘Deriving pedotransfer functions for soil quartz fraction in southern france from reverse modeling’, SOIL 2(4), 615–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-615-2016;

Albergel, C., Rüdiger, C., Pellarin, T., Calvet, J.-C., Fritz, N., Froissard, F., Suquia, D., Petitpa, A., Piguet, B., and Martin, E.: From near-surface to
root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter: an assessment of the method based
on insitu observations and model simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1323–1337, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1323-2008;

Calvet, J.-C., Fritz, N., Froissard, F., Suquia, D., Petitpa, A., and Piguet, B.: In situ soil moisture observations for the CAL/VAL of SMOS: the SMOSMANIA network, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS, Barcelona, Spain, 23-28 July 2007, 1196-1199, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423019, 2007.;
		Variables: soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: ThetaProbe ML2X, ThetaProbe ML3, 

	SNOTEL
		Abstract: The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) installs, operates, and maintains an extensive, automated system to collect snowpack and related climatic data in the Western United States called SNOTEL (for SNOwpack TELemetry). The system evolved from NRCS"s Congressional mandate in the mid-1930"s "to measure snowpack in the mountains of the West and forecast the water supply." The programs began with manual measurements of snow courses; since 1980, SNOTEL has reliably and efficiently collected the data needed to produce water supply forecasts and to support the resource management activities of NRCS and others.
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 509
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 1980-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
		Reference: Leavesley et al (2010), ‘A modelling framework for improved agricultural water-supply forecasting’;

Leavesley, G., David, O., Garen, D., Lea, J., Marron, J., Pagano, T., Perkins, T. & Strobel, M. (2008), ‘A modeling framework for improved agricultural water supply forecasting’, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts;
		Variables: snow water equivalent, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, snow depth, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.00 - 0.00 m, 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.36 - 0.36 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.46 - 0.46 m, 0.51 - 0.51 m, 0.61 - 0.61 m, 0.69 - 0.69 m, 0.81 - 0.81 m, 0.99 - 0.99 m, 1.02 - 1.02 m, 2.03 - 2.03 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: n.s., Hydraprobe Sdi-12, Hydraprobe Analog, 

	STEMS
		Abstract: Soil Moisture Network installed in rainfed vineyard plots, with different inter-rows soil management. The plots are also monitored for runoff and soil erosion. Weather data available from a station near the plots.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Italy
		Stations: 4
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2015-12-04 
		Type: campaign
		Url: https://sustag.to.cnr.it/index.php/cannona-db
		Reference: Darouich, H., Ramos, T.B., Pereira, L.S., Rabino, D., Bagagiolo, G., Capello, G., Simionesei, L., Cavallo, E., Biddoccu, M. Water Use and Soil Water Balance of Mediterranean Vineyards under Rainfed and Drip Irrigation Management: Evapotranspiration Partition and Soil Management Modelling for Resource Conservation. Water 2022, 14, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040554;

Capello G, Biddoccu M, Ferraris S, Cavallo E, 2019. Effects of tractor passes on hydrological and soil erosion processes in tilled and grassed vineyards. Water 2019, 11(10), 2118, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102118;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: 5TM, EC5, 

	TAHMO
		Abstract: The Trans-African HydroMeteorological Observatory (TAHMO) aims to develop a vast network of weather stations across Africa. Current and historic weather data is important for agricultural, climate monitoring, and many hydro-meteorological applications.
		Continent: Africa
		Country: Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya
		Stations: 70
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2015-06-17 
		Type: project
		Url: https://tahmo.org/
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Frank Annor and Nicolaas Cornelis van de Giesen and the Trans-African Hydro-Meterological Observatory (TAHMO) network community in support of the ISMN;
		Variables: precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 2.00 - 2.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: TEROS12, GS1, TEROS10, 

	TERENO
		Abstract: Soil moisture network in Germany, There are 4 observatories: in Northeastern Germany- Lowlan Observatory coordinated by German Research Centre of Geosciences, in Harz/Central Germany-  Lowland Observatory coordinated by Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, in Eifel/Lower Rhine Valley- Observatory coordinated by Research Centre Juelich and in Bavarian Alps/pre-Alps- Obervatory coordinated by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and German Center for Environmental Health
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Germany
		Stations: 5
		Status: running
Data Range: 

		Type: meteo
		Url: https://www.tereno.net/joomla/index.php/overview
		Reference: Bogena, H.R., Montzka, C., Huisman, J.A., Graf, A., Schmidt, M., Stockinger, M., Von Hebel, C., Hendricks-Franssen, H.J., Van der Kruk, J., Tappe, W. and Lücke, A., 2018. The TERENO‐Rur hydrological observatory: A multiscale multi‐compartment research platform for the advancement of hydrological science. Vadose Zone Journal, 17(1), pp.1-22, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0055;

Bogena, H. R. (2016), ‘Tereno: German network of terrestrial environmental observatories’, Journal of large-scale research facilities JLSRF 2, 52, http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-2-98;

Bogena, H., Kunkel, R., Puetz, T., Vereecken, H., Krueger, E., Zacharias, S., Dietrich, P., Wollschlaeger, U., Kunstmann, H., Papen, H. and Schmid, H.P., 2012. Tereno-long-term monitoring network for terrestrial environmental research. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung, 56(3), pp.138-143, https://doi.org/DOI:%10.5675;

Zacharias, S., H.R. Bogena, L. Samaniego, M. Mauder, R. Fuß, T. Pütz, M. Frenzel, M. Schwank, C. Baessler, K. Butterbach-Bahl, O. Bens, E. Borg, A. Brauer, P. Dietrich, I. Hajnsek, G. Helle, R. Kiese, H. Kunstmann, S. Klotz, J.C. Munch, H. Papen, E. Priesack, H. P. Schmid, R. Steinbrecher, U. Rosenbaum, G. Teutsch, H. Vereecken. 2011. A Network of Terrestrial Environmental Observatories in Germany. Vadose Zone J. 10. 955–973, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0139;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Hydraprobe II Sdi-12, 

	TWENTE
		Abstract: The Twente region in the east of the Netherlands hold a network that monitors since 2009 profile soil moisture and temperature at twenty locations mostly in the rural environment. In addition, intensive measurement campaigns have been performed in 2009, 2015, 2016, and 2017 at number of measurement locations as a part of MSc and PhD research. The development of the network infrastructure has been supported through various EU and NWO-funded projects, and forthcoming data has been successfully used for the validation of satellite derived surface soil moisture products. The early development of the network has been described in Dente et al. (2011), but over the years the design of the network has altered considerably with the most recent updates documented in Van der Velde et al. (2021). In 2019, the Twente network has been operational for more than a decade and with this deposit we would like to make this data freely and well documented available for use by the science and professional communities. An accompanying data paper is under development and will be submitted to Earth System Science Data journal, which provide additional background information.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Netherlands
		Stations: 44
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2009-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1889-2023
		Reference: Van der Velde, R., Benninga, H. J. F., Retsios, B., Vermunt, P. C., & Salama, M. S. (2023). Twelve years of profile soil moisture and temperature measurements in Twente, the Netherlands. Earth System Science Data, 15(4), 1889-1910.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1889-2023
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1889/2023/

		Variables: soil temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.80 - 0.80 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: 5TM, EC-TM, 

	TxSON
		Abstract: 
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 41
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2014-10-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.beg.utexas.edu/research/programs/txson
		Reference: Caldwell, T. G., T. Bongiovanni, M. H. Cosh, T. J. Jackson, A. Colliander, C. J. Abolt, R. Casteel, T. Larson, B. R. Scanlon, and M. H. Young (2019), The Texas Soil Observation Network: A comprehensive soil moisture dataset for remote sensing and land surface model validation, Vadose Zone Journal, 18:100034, doi:10.2136/vzj2019.04.0034
		Variables: soil temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS655, 

	USCRN
		Abstract: Soil moisture NRT network USCRN (Climate Reference Network) in United States;the  datasets of 114 stations were collected and processed by the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration"s National Climatic Data Center (NOAA"s NCDC)
		Continent: Americas
		Country: USA
		Stations: 115
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2009-06-09 
		Type: meteo
		Url: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/crn/
		Reference: Bell, J. E., M. A. Palecki, C. B. Baker, W. G. Collins, J. H. Lawrimore, R. D. Leeper, M. E. Hall, J. Kochendorfer, T. P. Meyers, T. Wilson, and H. J. Diamond. 2013: U.S. Climate Reference Network soil moisture and temperature observations. J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 977-988, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0146.1;
		Variables: surface temperature, precipitation, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Stevens Hydraprobe II Sdi-12, 

	VDS
		Abstract: These networks have been installed to validate satellite soil moisture products over complex tropical regions.
		Continent: Asia
		Country: Myanmar
		Stations: 4
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2017-06-01 
		Type: project
		Url: https://www.vandersat.com/
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Ileen de Kat and Richard de Jeu as well as the VDS network team in support of the ISMN;

		Variables: soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.01 - 0.10 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: GS1 Port 1, GS1 Port 2, GS1 Port 3, GS1 Port 4, GS1 Port 5, TEROS12, 

	WEGENERNET
		Abstract: The WegenerNet Feldbach Region is a unique weather and climate observation network comprising more than 150 hydrometeorological stations measuring temperature, humidity, precipitation, and at 14 locations also wind speed and direction. Soil moisture and soil temperature are measured at 12 stations, which are part of the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). 


The stations are located in a tightly spaced grid within a core area of 22 km x 16 km centered near the city of Feldbach in southeastern Austria.
With about one station every two square-km (area of about 300 square-km in total), and each station with 5-min time sampling, the network provides fully automated regular measurements since January 2007.


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IMPORTANT NOTE: All data is on version 8.0 For further details please see https://wegenernet.org/downloads/Fuchsberger-etal_2023_WPSv8-release-notes.pdf

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		Continent: Europe
		Country: Austria
		Stations: 13
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2007-01-01 
		Type: project
		Url: http://www.wegenernet.org/;http://www.wegcenter.at/wegenernet
		Reference: Fuchsberger, J., Kirchengast, G. & Kabas, T. (2021), WegenerNet high-resolution weather and climate data from 2007 to 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1307–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1307-2021, 2021;

Kirchengast, G., Kabas, T., Leuprecht, A., Bichler, C. & Truhetz, H. (2014), ‘Wegenernet: A pioneering high-resolution network for monitoring weather and climate’, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00161.1;
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: Hydraprobe II, Hydraprobe Professional, pF-Meter, 

	XMS-CAT
		Abstract: The soil monitoring network is a set of stations with continuous data recording of physics parameters (temperature and moisture of soil) and environmental parameters such as pluviometry, temperature, relative air humidity and solar radiation. Project started at Tremp basin’s, in the crops of vineyards, and it has been continued in high altitude vineyard form Pre-pyrenees and Pyrenees. The main features that set up the stations are the sensors installed into the soils and the basic operation elements, such as the acquisition data system, the power system and the data transmission system. Generally, there are 4 multi parametric sensors to 5, 20, 50 and 100 cm of depth, when parent material allows it, these sensors measure soil moisture and temperature. Each station also has environmental sensors such as a rain gauge, a pyranometer and a air temperature and relative humidity probes for the necessary comparison of the soil and environmental parameters.
		Continent: Europe
		Country: Spain
		Stations: 20
		Status: running
		Data Range: from 2016-08-01 
		Type: project
		Url: https://visors.icgc.cat/mesurasols/#9/42.1765/1.1132
		Reference: We acknowledge the work of Agnès Lladós and Lola Boquera as well as the XMS-CAT network team in support of the ISMN.
		Variables: air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, soil temperature, 
		Soil Moisture Depths: 0.05 - 0.05 m, 0.10 - 0.10 m, 0.20 - 0.20 m, 0.30 - 0.30 m, 0.40 - 0.40 m, 0.50 - 0.50 m, 0.60 - 0.60 m, 0.70 - 0.70 m, 0.75 - 0.75 m, 1.00 - 1.00 m
		Soil Moisture Sensors: CS655, DeltaOHM, SoilVUE10, 

